The lethality of malaria in the extra-Amazonian region is more than 70 times higher than in Amazonia itself. Recently, several studies have shown that autochthonous malaria is not a rare event in the Brazilian southeastern states in the Atlantic Forest biome. Information about autochthonous malaria in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) is scarce. This study aims to assess malaria cases reported to the Health Surveillance System of the State of Rio de Janeiro between 2000-2010. An average of 90 cases per year had parasitological malaria confirmation by thick smear. The number of malaria notifications due to Plasmodium falciparum increased over time. Imported cases reported during the period studied were spread among 51% of the municipalities (counties) of the state. Only 35 cases (4.3%) were autochthonous, which represents an average of 3.8 new cases per year. Eleven municipalities reported autochthonous cases; within these, six could be characterised as areas of residual or new foci of malaria from the Atlantic Forest system. The other 28 municipalities could become receptive for transmission reintroduction. Cases occurred during all periods of the year, but 62.9% of cases were in the first semester of each year. Assessing vulnerability and receptivity conditions and vector ecology is imperative to establish the real risk of malaria reintroduction in RJ.

O fracasso de um esquema intensivo de tratamento quimioterápico para controle da esquistossomose numa área de alta endemicidade no Nordeste levou à hipótese de que aspectos sócio-demográficos e/ou comportamentais estariam implicados na persistência da transmissão. Uma análise univariada dessas variáveis em relação à infecção por Schistosoma mansoni revelou que os padrões de contato com a água para lazer e higiene pessoal são importantes fatores de risco na área. Já as variáveis sócio-demográficas não estiveram relacionadas com a infecção, provavelmente porque a população local vive sob condições sócio-econômicas e sanitárias uniformemente precárias Nessa área, recomenda-se que a quimioterapia seja combinada com outras medidas, como o controle dos moluscos vetores e a educação em saúde, acompanhadas de melhorias no saneamento e abastecimento de água.

Failure of intensive chemotherapy to control schistosomiasis in a highly endemic area of Northeast Brazil led to the hypothesis that sociodemographic and/or behavioral variables could be involved in the persistent transmission. A univariate analysis of such variables in relation to infection by Schistosoma mansoni showed that water contact patterns for recreation and personal hygiene are important risk factors in the area. However, sociodemographic variables were not related to infection, probably because the local population lives under evenly precarious socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. We thus recommend that chemotherapy be combined with other measures like snail control, health education, and improved sanitation and water supply.

O fracasso de um esquema intensivo de tratamento quimioterápico para controle da esquistossomose numa área de alta endemicidade no Nordeste levou à hipótese de que aspectos sócio-demográficos e/ou comportamentais estariam implicados na persistência da transmissão. Uma análise univariada dessas variáveis em relação à infecção por Schistosoma mansoni revelou que os padrões de contato com a água para lazer e higiene pessoal são importantes fatores de risco na área. Já as variáveis sócio-demográficas não estiveram relacionadas com a infecção, provavelmente porque a população local vive sob condições sócio-econômicas e sanitárias uniformemente precárias Nessa área, recomenda-se que a quimioterapia seja combinada com outras medidas, como o controle dos moluscos vetores e a educação em saúde, acompanhadas de melhorias no saneamento e abastecimento de água.

Failure of intensive chemotherapy to control schistosomiasis in a highly endemic area of Northeast Brazil led to the hypothesis that sociodemographic and/or behavioral variables could be involved in the persistent transmission. A univariate analysis of such variables in relation to infection by Schistosoma mansoni showed that water contact patterns for recreation and personal hygiene are important risk factors in the area. However, sociodemographic variables were not related to infection, probably because the local population lives under evenly precarious socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. We thus recommend that chemotherapy be combined with other measures like snail control, health education, and improved sanitation and water supply.